🔬🕵️♀️ Science Meets Forensics!
Our High School STEM/Science Club welcomed Officer Kent for a fascinating presentation on forensic science, bloodstain patterns, and criminology! 🧬
Students explored how science plays a vital role in criminal investigations, from analyzing DNA and fingerprints to examining bloodstain patterns and other physical evidence.
What an exciting opportunity to see science in action and discover how scientific principles help solve real-world mysteries! 🔍
Our High School STEM/Science Club welcomed Officer Kent for a fascinating presentation on forensic science, bloodstain patterns, and criminology! 🧬
Students explored how science plays a vital role in criminal investigations, from analyzing DNA and fingerprints to examining bloodstain patterns and other physical evidence.
What an exciting opportunity to see science in action and discover how scientific principles help solve real-world mysteries! 🔍
🎃 SES Halloween Activities – Friday, October 30, 2026 🎃
Families are reminded that:
-Friday, October 30 is a 1/2 day of school.
-School begins at 8:40 AM at SES.
-The Halloween Parade will take place from 10:00–10:30 AM in the SES Bus Loop.
-Families are welcome to attend the parade! Families attending are asked to park in the parking lot ONLY at Park Church. The sidewalk will be accessible from the church to the SES Bus Loop, providing families with a safe and convenient route to view the parade.
-The SES Bus Loop will be closed to traffic during the parade for student and family safety.
-Costumes should be school-appropriate and safe for movement.
-Toy weapons or costumes that could create a safety concern are not permitted.
-Masks must allow students to see clearly or should be worn on top of the student's head.
-Classroom trick-or-treating will take place during the school day.
-Families should communicate with their child's classroom teacher regarding any allergies or dietary concerns.
-If your child will be signed out following the parade, families should have notified both the classroom teacher and the SES Main Office in advance no later than Mon. 10/26/26.
-Dismissal begins at 11:30 AM.
-Regular parent pickup and bus procedures will remain in effect.
—————————————————————————
📢 SES Parking Lot Loop & Winter Traffic Update:
*Effective Tuesday, October 13, we now have six designated parking spaces located directly to the left at the beginning of the parking lot, each marked with an orange cone. These cones will be removed once snow removal is in effect for the parking lot.
These spaces may be used throughout the school day when needed, including:
• Drop off or pick-up at arrival or dismissal
• Attending a meeting
• Picking up a student early
• Visiting the school during the instructional day
If using one of these designated spaces, please walk toward the sidewalk and enter through the main entrance to check in at the main office.
🚫 Please do not park in any spaces marked with a “NO PARKING” sign. These areas need to remain clear to help maintain safe and efficient traffic flow.
❄️ Planning Ahead for Winter:
Beginning Monday, November 2, 2026, we will transition to our winter traffic plan.
The parent pickup line will begin at the start of the heated sidewalk and continue back from that point. Traffic will continue to follow the normal flow along the side of the building, around toward the maintenance garage, and then exit the property.
We appreciate everyone’s continued patience and cooperation as we make adjustments to keep arrival and dismissal safe, organized, and efficient for our students, families, and staff.
Thank you for helping us make Sinclairville Elementary School a GREAT place to be! 🐾
Families are reminded that:
-Friday, October 30 is a 1/2 day of school.
-School begins at 8:40 AM at SES.
-The Halloween Parade will take place from 10:00–10:30 AM in the SES Bus Loop.
-Families are welcome to attend the parade! Families attending are asked to park in the parking lot ONLY at Park Church. The sidewalk will be accessible from the church to the SES Bus Loop, providing families with a safe and convenient route to view the parade.
-The SES Bus Loop will be closed to traffic during the parade for student and family safety.
-Costumes should be school-appropriate and safe for movement.
-Toy weapons or costumes that could create a safety concern are not permitted.
-Masks must allow students to see clearly or should be worn on top of the student's head.
-Classroom trick-or-treating will take place during the school day.
-Families should communicate with their child's classroom teacher regarding any allergies or dietary concerns.
-If your child will be signed out following the parade, families should have notified both the classroom teacher and the SES Main Office in advance no later than Mon. 10/26/26.
-Dismissal begins at 11:30 AM.
-Regular parent pickup and bus procedures will remain in effect.
—————————————————————————
📢 SES Parking Lot Loop & Winter Traffic Update:
*Effective Tuesday, October 13, we now have six designated parking spaces located directly to the left at the beginning of the parking lot, each marked with an orange cone. These cones will be removed once snow removal is in effect for the parking lot.
These spaces may be used throughout the school day when needed, including:
• Drop off or pick-up at arrival or dismissal
• Attending a meeting
• Picking up a student early
• Visiting the school during the instructional day
If using one of these designated spaces, please walk toward the sidewalk and enter through the main entrance to check in at the main office.
🚫 Please do not park in any spaces marked with a “NO PARKING” sign. These areas need to remain clear to help maintain safe and efficient traffic flow.
❄️ Planning Ahead for Winter:
Beginning Monday, November 2, 2026, we will transition to our winter traffic plan.
The parent pickup line will begin at the start of the heated sidewalk and continue back from that point. Traffic will continue to follow the normal flow along the side of the building, around toward the maintenance garage, and then exit the property.
We appreciate everyone’s continued patience and cooperation as we make adjustments to keep arrival and dismissal safe, organized, and efficient for our students, families, and staff.
Thank you for helping us make Sinclairville Elementary School a GREAT place to be! 🐾
💼 Preparing for Success Beyond the Classroom! ✨
Students in Mrs. Schrader’s Life, Money, and Success class recently got hands-on experience preparing for the job interview process!
Marcy Sweetman, Director of Education & Accountability, joined the class to discuss common interview questions and strategies for crafting strong responses. Students also completed practice job applications and learned about the importance of professional dress, body language, and eye contact. After rehearsing with one another, they put their skills to the test during mock interviews with staff volunteers! 👏
A huge THANK YOU to Tammy Mangus, Marcy Sweetman, Reggie Cole, Karen Reynolds, Kelly Schrantz, Emily Pleszewski, Marie Torrey, Melissa George, and Rachel Turk for volunteering their time and helping our students build confidence and develop valuable skills for their future careers!
Students in Mrs. Schrader’s Life, Money, and Success class recently got hands-on experience preparing for the job interview process!
Marcy Sweetman, Director of Education & Accountability, joined the class to discuss common interview questions and strategies for crafting strong responses. Students also completed practice job applications and learned about the importance of professional dress, body language, and eye contact. After rehearsing with one another, they put their skills to the test during mock interviews with staff volunteers! 👏
A huge THANK YOU to Tammy Mangus, Marcy Sweetman, Reggie Cole, Karen Reynolds, Kelly Schrantz, Emily Pleszewski, Marie Torrey, Melissa George, and Rachel Turk for volunteering their time and helping our students build confidence and develop valuable skills for their future careers!
November events! Please reach out to the MHS and SES offices with questions.
Check out these great pics from spirit week📣!Way to show your CVCS spirit!❤️💙
#StudentInfluencerCatie #ValleyProud
📜 Our 6th-graders are bringing history to life as they explore cuneiform—recognized as the world’s first-known writing system, invented by the ancient Sumerians over 5,000 years ago.
Long before paper, ink, or keyboards existed, Sumerian scribes pressed wedge-shaped symbols into soft clay using reed styluses to record stories, trade, and laws.
Today, our students stepped into the shoes of those ancient scribes. Equipped with a cuneiform translator, a stylus, and colorful Play-Doh, they stamped out their own names on "clay" tablets. 🏺
Learning by doing in Mr. Q's room!
Long before paper, ink, or keyboards existed, Sumerian scribes pressed wedge-shaped symbols into soft clay using reed styluses to record stories, trade, and laws.
Today, our students stepped into the shoes of those ancient scribes. Equipped with a cuneiform translator, a stylus, and colorful Play-Doh, they stamped out their own names on "clay" tablets. 🏺
Learning by doing in Mr. Q's room!
✨🌟 THANK YOU, SES FAMILIES & STAFF! 🌟✨
What a great night at our annual Glow Run & Trunk or Treat! 💚🧡
A huge THANK YOU to everyone who came out to run, cheer on our students, and enjoy the fun! We are so grateful to everyone who decorated and hosted a trunk to make our Trunk or Treat such a fun experience for our kiddos! 🎃👻
We also want to give a special shout-out to our amazing staff for their generous contributions to the trick-or-treat bags and for all their help in making this event a success. We couldn’t do it without you! ❤️
🎉 And one more congratulations to our Glow Run prize basket winner! We hope you enjoy your goodies!
Thank you all for continuing to make SES such a wonderful community. We appreciate everyone who helped make this night so special for our students and families! 🧡💚✨
What a great night at our annual Glow Run & Trunk or Treat! 💚🧡
A huge THANK YOU to everyone who came out to run, cheer on our students, and enjoy the fun! We are so grateful to everyone who decorated and hosted a trunk to make our Trunk or Treat such a fun experience for our kiddos! 🎃👻
We also want to give a special shout-out to our amazing staff for their generous contributions to the trick-or-treat bags and for all their help in making this event a success. We couldn’t do it without you! ❤️
🎉 And one more congratulations to our Glow Run prize basket winner! We hope you enjoy your goodies!
Thank you all for continuing to make SES such a wonderful community. We appreciate everyone who helped make this night so special for our students and families! 🧡💚✨
🌳🍂 WE TOOK LEARNING INTO THE WOODS… AND IT WAS TREE-MENDOUS! 🌲🔬
What happens when you combine a beautiful fall day, a forest full of scientific discoveries, and more than 40 curious minds? A pretty incredible day at Cassadaga Valley! ❤️💙
On Saturday, October 24, we hosted “Walk the Forest. See the Science.” at our very own Research & Demonstration Forest, featuring Peter Smallidge from Cornell University and our very own Corinne Kelly! 🌿
Our guests got an up-close look at the science happening right in our backyard—from deer exclusion and forest regeneration to slash walls, research plots, and the amazing work of our CV students! 🦌🌱
We were thrilled to welcome representatives from:
🍁 Buffalo State Master Teachers
🍁 New York Forest Owners Association (NYFOA)
🍁 SUNY Fredonia
🍁 Chautauqua County Soil & Water Conservation District
🍁 Chautauqua Region Community Foundation
🍁 Our wonderful community members!
The best part? This isn't just a forest. It's a living classroom where our students are becoming researchers, problem-solvers, and environmental stewards! 🌎
A HUGE thank-you to Cornell University, Dave Spann from Chautauqua County Soil & Water, and the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation, our student experts Ash Payne and Quincy Smith and everyone who joined us for a day of discovery, collaboration, and a little fresh air!
🌳 Big learning. Real science. Right here in Cougar Country! ❤️💙🐾
What happens when you combine a beautiful fall day, a forest full of scientific discoveries, and more than 40 curious minds? A pretty incredible day at Cassadaga Valley! ❤️💙
On Saturday, October 24, we hosted “Walk the Forest. See the Science.” at our very own Research & Demonstration Forest, featuring Peter Smallidge from Cornell University and our very own Corinne Kelly! 🌿
Our guests got an up-close look at the science happening right in our backyard—from deer exclusion and forest regeneration to slash walls, research plots, and the amazing work of our CV students! 🦌🌱
We were thrilled to welcome representatives from:
🍁 Buffalo State Master Teachers
🍁 New York Forest Owners Association (NYFOA)
🍁 SUNY Fredonia
🍁 Chautauqua County Soil & Water Conservation District
🍁 Chautauqua Region Community Foundation
🍁 Our wonderful community members!
The best part? This isn't just a forest. It's a living classroom where our students are becoming researchers, problem-solvers, and environmental stewards! 🌎
A HUGE thank-you to Cornell University, Dave Spann from Chautauqua County Soil & Water, and the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation, our student experts Ash Payne and Quincy Smith and everyone who joined us for a day of discovery, collaboration, and a little fresh air!
🌳 Big learning. Real science. Right here in Cougar Country! ❤️💙🐾
➕🕒 Math in Action! 🕒➖
Our 7th grade math students recently put their knowledge to work by creating Integer Clocks after completing their unit on signed numbers! ➕➖
A fun, hands-on way to reinforce math concepts and bring learning to life!
Our 7th grade math students recently put their knowledge to work by creating Integer Clocks after completing their unit on signed numbers! ➕➖
A fun, hands-on way to reinforce math concepts and bring learning to life!
“Life starts all over again when it gets crisp in the fall.” — F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby)
🔊🔊Calling All Cassadaga Valley Alumni! Once a Cougar, Always a Cougar! 🐾
Are you a CVCS graduate who would like to help today's students THRIVE BY 25?
We're looking for alumni and local employers willing to share their time, talents, and experiences to help prepare our students for life beyond high school!
Opportunities include job shadowing, internships, career exploration, guest speaking, and mentorship.
Whether you graduated 5 years ago or 35 years ago, your experiences could make a difference in a student's future!
Interested in giving back? Contact Miss Reynolds to learn how you can get involved! kreynolds@cvcougars.org | (716) 962-8581
Let's work together to build skills that build futures! 💙❤️
Reminder to take advantage of the Ski Club's discounted pricing available through October 31st. Pricing will increase on November 1st.
Anyone can purchase a ski pass through the CVCS - Peek’n Peak affiliate website. This means parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and family friends can take advantage of the discounted pricing through the CVCS - Peek’n Peak affiliate website now available through October 31st. If Friday does not work for your family and you cannot attend Friday Ski-Club outings, choose a different day-pass, or choose an Infinity Pass and ski any day that fits your family’s schedule.
If you have any questions, please contact Mr. John Cole jcole@cvcougars.org 716-962-8581 ext. 1121
Peek’n Peak contact: Theresa Crandall TCrandall@visitscott.com 716–355-4141 ext. 7002
Hope to see you on the slopes!
Purchase your passes using the link below
https://se-pknpk.secure-cdn.na2.accessoticketing.com/embed/login.php?emerchant_id=500501&merchant_id=500625&fbclid=IwY2xjawU8axJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABwZG9mBWJyaWQRMUtGdkE4MTZkOUU5cFAzWmdzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEex676ckVR8qltQF9zDoqUdOwlOOULngpay9ngIv323ofm9qg-ZCExkFYlWIw_aem_wD78pUtABejmVoD13tMjhw
Username: Cassadaga
Password: Cassadaga23
Anyone can purchase a ski pass through the CVCS - Peek’n Peak affiliate website. This means parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and family friends can take advantage of the discounted pricing through the CVCS - Peek’n Peak affiliate website now available through October 31st. If Friday does not work for your family and you cannot attend Friday Ski-Club outings, choose a different day-pass, or choose an Infinity Pass and ski any day that fits your family’s schedule.
If you have any questions, please contact Mr. John Cole jcole@cvcougars.org 716-962-8581 ext. 1121
Peek’n Peak contact: Theresa Crandall TCrandall@visitscott.com 716–355-4141 ext. 7002
Hope to see you on the slopes!
Purchase your passes using the link below
https://se-pknpk.secure-cdn.na2.accessoticketing.com/embed/login.php?emerchant_id=500501&merchant_id=500625&fbclid=IwY2xjawU8axJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABwZG9mBWJyaWQRMUtGdkE4MTZkOUU5cFAzWmdzcnRjBmFwcF9pZBAyMjIwMzkxNzg4MjAwODkyAAEex676ckVR8qltQF9zDoqUdOwlOOULngpay9ngIv323ofm9qg-ZCExkFYlWIw_aem_wD78pUtABejmVoD13tMjhw
Username: Cassadaga
Password: Cassadaga23
🚌School Bus Safety Week, Day 5: The Danger Zone
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uuYb6N1l-1MaNdAsQRO6B7yO7Mof3ifI/view?usp=sharing
Why is it dangerous?
1. The driver cannot see you.
2. Too close to the bus.
3. Never chase after a bus.
Dropped Items
1. If you drop something, leave it. Let your driver or another adult know. Do not try to get it yourself.
Leaving the bus
1. Move 15 feet away from the bus, or across the road into your driveway. The bus will not move until you are 15 feet away. (Show them how far 15 feet is)
2. Do not get the mail or grab the garbage cans until after the bus has safely pulled away.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uuYb6N1l-1MaNdAsQRO6B7yO7Mof3ifI/view?usp=sharing
Why is it dangerous?
1. The driver cannot see you.
2. Too close to the bus.
3. Never chase after a bus.
Dropped Items
1. If you drop something, leave it. Let your driver or another adult know. Do not try to get it yourself.
Leaving the bus
1. Move 15 feet away from the bus, or across the road into your driveway. The bus will not move until you are 15 feet away. (Show them how far 15 feet is)
2. Do not get the mail or grab the garbage cans until after the bus has safely pulled away.
📢Student employees needed📢
Are you thinking about a job in media, marketing, advertising, or just looking for a fun job during the school year? This would be perfect for you! Cover fun stories for school sports, events, and activities! Email or talk to Catie Russell or Superintendent Mangus with any questions!
#StudentInfluencerCatie
🚦School Bus Safety Week, Day 4: I See You, You See Me
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xFaundhCNYn7iH6isbJXjuX1PaeazhEo/view?usp=sharing
Safe Crossing Procedure
Watch the driver for the signal to cross
1. Wait- Open Palm
2. Crossing Signal
3. Horn- What does it mean? GO BACK TO WHERE YOU CAME FROM!
10 BIG Steps
1. Walk at least 10 BIG steps in front of the bus. Make sure you walk straight across and are not too close to the bus.
2. Check for traffic before leaving the protection of the bus. Look left, look right and then look left again. This driver is watching the areas around the bus, checking for signs of danger.
3. Do not approach the bus until the driver signals, even when coming from the driveway towards the bus. There could be dangers in the road, the bus could slide due to ice and it’s too hard to judge the speed of other vehicles.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xFaundhCNYn7iH6isbJXjuX1PaeazhEo/view?usp=sharing
Safe Crossing Procedure
Watch the driver for the signal to cross
1. Wait- Open Palm
2. Crossing Signal
3. Horn- What does it mean? GO BACK TO WHERE YOU CAME FROM!
10 BIG Steps
1. Walk at least 10 BIG steps in front of the bus. Make sure you walk straight across and are not too close to the bus.
2. Check for traffic before leaving the protection of the bus. Look left, look right and then look left again. This driver is watching the areas around the bus, checking for signs of danger.
3. Do not approach the bus until the driver signals, even when coming from the driveway towards the bus. There could be dangers in the road, the bus could slide due to ice and it’s too hard to judge the speed of other vehicles.
We can't get enough of the fall colors here in The Valley 🍁🍂😍
This past weekend our teacher, Karen Reynolds, was in need of community service for Steuben Rural Electrical Co-Op. The planned event was hosted by Pine Valley School in Cherry Creek with local resident / customer appreciation and a proposal plan for the 2026-2027 Utility Cost Analysis. Lilly Green (Key Club member) and Miranda Green (Teaching Assistant and colleague) attended the event Saturday morning. This Assembly included serving Steuben customers coffee and donuts for breakfast and a premade lunch that was provided by the company after the proposal meeting/ question and answers portion. An added bonus, one of our Board of Education members, Diane Ellsworth, was in attendance as a resident of Cherry Creek, and a loyal customer to Steuben Electric Company.
Several SES staff members got together outside of school at The Landmark in Jamestown recently! What a great way to build relationships, strengthen our connections, and continue growing as a team! 😊
Building a positive school culture starts with the relationships we build with one another, both inside and outside the school day. We are proud to have staff members who value teamwork, connection, and making SES a great place to learn and work!
Building a positive school culture starts with the relationships we build with one another, both inside and outside the school day. We are proud to have staff members who value teamwork, connection, and making SES a great place to learn and work!
Cassadaga Valley is thrilled to recognize the outstanding students who have set an incredible example for the entire school community during the month of September. These individuals embody the best of Cassadaga Valley MHS by demonstrating exceptional academic effort, leadership, and positive character both in and out of the classroom. Please join us in celebrating our September Students of the Month! They have been nominated by their teachers for showing consistent dedication, helpfulness, and a commitment to our school values. #ValleyProud
Stella Kilmer (6th grade) Stella is a STAR student! She arrives prepared to class everyday, ready to go. She participates, asks deep thinking questions, and excels in her classwork. Stella has been seen helping friends in class, as well as always showing kindness and respect towards adults and her peers. Keep up the amazing work Stella!
Katelyn Moeller (7th grade) Katelyn is conscientious and always looking to do the right thing. She is a great role model for others!
Jaelyn Evans (8th grade) Jaelyn is always respectful and helps her peers. She is always willing to work hard and always has a positive attitude.
Jayden Brown (9th grade) Jayden comes to class prepared and ready to learn each day. He works well with his classmates, is respectful and cooperative, and consistently puts forth his best effort. Jayden demonstrates a strong work ethic and is always striving to achieve excellence in everything he does. His positive attitude and commitment to doing his best make him a wonderful example for others.
Maylee Silver (10th grade) Maylee has been a great addition to the CVCS community this year! She always shows up prepared and with a positive attitude. She is eager to learn and works well with her peers. Great job, Maylee!
Taylor Lahnen (11th grade) Taylor has a willingness to participate that is easily noticed among his teachers. He works hard, comes prepared to class, and has a good sense of humor. He is a positive influence on others and a natural leader!
Noah Brandt (12th grade) Noah is a standout senior! Noah has a great work ethic in his classes and works well with his peers. He likes to be a part of class conversations and leads when he is challenged. Noah takes college level courses and is excelling. Noah is also a student athlete at Cassadaga Valley, contributing to our school community. He leads on the field and mat, by working hard and demonstrating a never give up attitude.
Stella Kilmer (6th grade) Stella is a STAR student! She arrives prepared to class everyday, ready to go. She participates, asks deep thinking questions, and excels in her classwork. Stella has been seen helping friends in class, as well as always showing kindness and respect towards adults and her peers. Keep up the amazing work Stella!
Katelyn Moeller (7th grade) Katelyn is conscientious and always looking to do the right thing. She is a great role model for others!
Jaelyn Evans (8th grade) Jaelyn is always respectful and helps her peers. She is always willing to work hard and always has a positive attitude.
Jayden Brown (9th grade) Jayden comes to class prepared and ready to learn each day. He works well with his classmates, is respectful and cooperative, and consistently puts forth his best effort. Jayden demonstrates a strong work ethic and is always striving to achieve excellence in everything he does. His positive attitude and commitment to doing his best make him a wonderful example for others.
Maylee Silver (10th grade) Maylee has been a great addition to the CVCS community this year! She always shows up prepared and with a positive attitude. She is eager to learn and works well with her peers. Great job, Maylee!
Taylor Lahnen (11th grade) Taylor has a willingness to participate that is easily noticed among his teachers. He works hard, comes prepared to class, and has a good sense of humor. He is a positive influence on others and a natural leader!
Noah Brandt (12th grade) Noah is a standout senior! Noah has a great work ethic in his classes and works well with his peers. He likes to be a part of class conversations and leads when he is challenged. Noah takes college level courses and is excelling. Noah is also a student athlete at Cassadaga Valley, contributing to our school community. He leads on the field and mat, by working hard and demonstrating a never give up attitude.
School Bus Safety Week, Day 3: Check Before You Step
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J4rWUP8wu8zxxYLORJVj5qjH2iDS21tc/view?usp=sharing
Use the Handrail
1. Steps can become slippery when they are wet.
2. Keep everything in your backpack so your hands are free to hold the handrail.
Check Before You Step
1. Look both ways before you step off the bus. Look right, look left, and then look right again. Look for cars, bicycles, animals, 4-wheelers, and other people. Look for anything that might be passing the bus. What else can you think of that might pass a school bus?
2. Cars may not stop and may pass the bus on the wrong side even if the red lights are flashing.
3. Motorists pass stopped school buses with flashing red lights over 50,000 times every school day in New York State. It is so important to follow crossing procedures.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J4rWUP8wu8zxxYLORJVj5qjH2iDS21tc/view?usp=sharing
Use the Handrail
1. Steps can become slippery when they are wet.
2. Keep everything in your backpack so your hands are free to hold the handrail.
Check Before You Step
1. Look both ways before you step off the bus. Look right, look left, and then look right again. Look for cars, bicycles, animals, 4-wheelers, and other people. Look for anything that might be passing the bus. What else can you think of that might pass a school bus?
2. Cars may not stop and may pass the bus on the wrong side even if the red lights are flashing.
3. Motorists pass stopped school buses with flashing red lights over 50,000 times every school day in New York State. It is so important to follow crossing procedures.
